Introduction to the GATE Life Science Exam

The GATE (Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering) Life Science exam is one of the most sought-after competitive exams for students aspiring to pursue higher studies or careers in research and academia. Conducted annually by IITs and IISc, this exam assesses candidates’ understanding of core concepts in life sciences, opening doors to prestigious institutions and career opportunities in biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and research sectors, and Gate Life Science Question paper.

Scope and Career Opportunities

Cracking the GATE Life Science exam not only helps in securing admission to M.Sc., M.Tech., and Ph.D. programs but also plays a crucial role in landing jobs in reputed organizations like CSIR, DRDO, ICMR, and BARC. Moreover, it serves as a gateway for pursuing careers in academia as lecturers, research scholars, and scientists.

Role of Proper Coaching in Preparation

While self-study is an essential aspect of preparation, structured guidance through coaching can accelerate learning, provide clarity on difficult topics, and enhance problem-solving skills. Chandu Biology Classes is one of the most recommended coaching institutes for GATE Life Science aspirants, offering comprehensive study material, expert mentorship, and structured courses tailored to the exam syllabus.

Understanding the GATE Life Science Question Paper

To ace the GATE Life Science exam, one must have a thorough understanding of its question paper pattern.

Exam Pattern and Structure

The exam consists of three sections:

1. General Aptitude (GA) – 15 Marks
2. Core Life Science Subjects – 85 Marks
3. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), Multiple Select Questions (MSQs), and Numerical Answer Type (NAT) questions

Types of Questions Asked

• Conceptual Questions – Test understanding of biological processes
• Application-Based Questions – Require logical reasoning
• Numerical Problems – Focus on calculations in biochemistry and ecology

Importance of Previous Year Question Papers

Solving previous year question papers is highly recommended as it helps in:

• Understanding the difficulty level
• Identifying frequently asked topics
• Improving time management skills

Why Choose Chandu Biology Classes for GATE Life Science Preparation?

Overview of Chandu Biology Classes

Chandu Biology Classes is one of the best coaching institutes for GATE Life Science aspirants. With a proven track record of success, it provides:

• Expert faculty with years of experience
• Comprehensive study materials designed as per the latest syllabus
• Regular mock tests and practice sessions
• One-on-one doubt-solving sessions

Unique Teaching Methodologies

At Chandu Biology Classes, students get access to:

• Live interactive classes for better engagement
• Recorded lectures for revision
• Topic-wise tests to strengthen weaker areas
• Personalized mentoring for performance analysis

Student Success Rate

Many students from Chandu Biology Classes have secured top ranks in the GATE Life Science exam, making it a trusted choice for aspirants. The institute boasts a high selection rate, with students consistently performing well in various competitive exams.

Detailed Analysis of GATE Life Science Question Paper

Subject-Wise Breakdown

Marking Scheme and Weightage

• 1-mark and 2-mark questions are asked
• Negative marking for incorrect MCQs but no negative marking for MSQs and NAT questions

Commonly Asked Topics

• Enzymology and Metabolism
• Plant Physiology
• Cell Biology and Genetics
• Ecological Principles

Subject-Wise Preparation Strategy with Chandu Biology Classes

Biochemistry

• Focus on metabolism, biomolecules, and enzymology
• Regular problem-solving practice with NAT questions

Botany

• Emphasis on plant physiology and taxonomy
• Diagrams and concept-based learning

Microbiology

• Detailed study of microbial genetics and pathogenesis
• Practice culture techniques and laboratory methods

Zoology

• Comparative anatomy and physiology
• Developmental biology focus

Tips and Tricks for Cracking GATE Life Science

Acing the GATE Life Science exam requires a well-planned strategy. With proper guidance from Chandu Biology Classes, students can enhance their preparation and boost their confidence. Here are some key tips and tricks to excel in the exam:

1. Time Management Strategies

• Divide your syllabus wisely: Prioritize topics based on their weightage in the exam.
• Set daily and weekly targets: Completing small portions consistently leads to better retention.
• Use a timer while solving questions: Practice solving questions under exam-like conditions to improve speed and accuracy.
• Follow the Pomodoro technique: Study in focused 50-minute sessions with short breaks.

2. Effective Revision Techniques

• Make concise notes while studying to help with quick revisions.
• Use flowcharts and diagrams to remember complex processes.
• Revise frequently: Allocate at least one hour daily for revision.
• Practice numerical questions regularly to avoid last-minute struggles.

3. Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Ignoring numerical questions in subjects like biochemistry and ecology can result in lower scores.
• Skipping previous year questions is a major drawback—solving them gives clarity on question trends.
• Neglecting the General Aptitude section can cost valuable marks.
• Overlooking negative marking—don’t guess answers blindly.

How do Chandu Biology Classes Help in Concept Building?

One of the biggest advantages of joining Chandu Biology Classes is concept clarity. Their structured teaching methods help students:

1. Expert Faculty Guidance

• Experienced faculty members simplify difficult topics and explain complex biological processes using real-life examples.
• One-on-one doubt sessions ensure better understanding of key concepts.

2. Study Material and Notes

• Chandu Biology Classes provides well-structured notes, which are prepared according to the latest GATE syllabus.
• Notes include summarized concepts, mnemonics, and quick revision points.

3. Online and Offline Coaching Options

• Students can opt for offline classroom coaching or live online sessions, depending on their preference.
• Online courses come with recorded lectures for revision, which is a major advantage for working professionals.

Importance of Solving Previous Year Question Papers

Practicing the previous year’s question papers is crucial for success in the GATE Life Science exam.

1. How Previous Year Papers Help in the Preparation

• They provide a clear idea of exam trends and difficulty levels.
• They help in identifying high-weightage topics.
• Regular practice improves speed and accuracy.

2. Where to Find GATE Life Science Question Papers?

Students can get previous year’s question papers from:

• Official GATE website
• Chandu Biology Classes’ study material
• Online GATE preparation forums and groups

3. Solving Strategies

• Start solving papers at least 3 months before the exam.
• Analyze mistakes and improve on weak areas.
• Solve papers in exam-like conditions to improve time management.

Mock Tests and Practice Sessions at Chandu Biology Classes

One of the key strengths of Chandu Biology Classes is its mock tests and practice sessions.

1. Benefits of Mock Tests

• Boosts confidence: Familiarizes students with the exam pattern.
• Enhances speed and accuracy: Helps in improving time management.
• Identifies weak areas: Helps in targeted preparation.

2. How Practice Sessions Improve Accuracy?

• Weekly practice tests help students track progress.
• Detailed answer analysis is provided after each test.
• Regular doubt-clearing sessions enhance learning.

3. Student Testimonials

Many students from Chandu Biology Classes have secured top ranks in GATE Life Science and have shared positive feedback about the coaching, study material, and guidance they received.

Interview with Successful Students from Chandu Biology Classes

Hearing from past students who cracked GATE Life Science can provide valuable insights and motivation.

1. Real-Life Success Stories

Many students who have enrolled in Chandu Biology Classes have cleared GATE Life Science with impressive scores. Some key takeaways from their experiences:

• Consistent study and revision helped them score well.
• Mock tests played a crucial role in boosting confidence.
• Concept clarity through faculty guidance made difficult subjects easier.

2. Tips from Toppers

• “Don’t leave numerical problems for the last minute.”
• “Revise notes daily to avoid last-minute pressure.”
• “Focus on high-weightage topics like biochemistry and genetics.”

3. Motivational Insights

• “Trust the process. Hard work and consistency always pay off.”
• “Joining a good coaching institute like Chandu Biology Classes makes a huge difference.”

Online vs Offline Coaching – What’s Better?

Choosing between online and offline coaching depends on individual preferences.

1. Advantages of Online Coaching

• Flexibility to study from home
• Recorded sessions for revision
• Saves time and travel expenses

2. Benefits of Offline Classroom Training

• Direct interaction with faculty
• A more structured study environment
• Regular doubt-solving sessions

3. Best Mode of Preparation with Chandu Biology Classes

• A hybrid approach (both online and offline) is the best as it allows students to study at their convenience.

GATE 2025 ELIGIBILITY

Anyone who has successfully completed 10+2+2 or 10+3+1 and currently studying in 3rd or higher years of any undergraduate degree program OR has already graduated in any government approved degree program in Engineering / Technology / Architecture / Science / Commerce / Arts is eligible to apply for GATE.

GATE Exam Pattern 2025

The given GATE exam highlights contain the mode of exam, duration, marking scheme, and more that help aspirants to make a well-planned preparation strategy.

GATE Exam Pattern 2025 – Paper Code Wise Subject Weightage

Effective Time Table for GATE Life Science Preparation

A structured study plan is key to success in GATE Life Science. Here’s a sample timetable suggested by Chandu Biology Classes:

Books and Study Material Recommended by Chandu Biology Classes

1. Best Reference Books for GATE Life Science

• Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
• Molecular Biology of the Cell – Alberts
• Genetics – Strickberger
• Ecology – Odum

2. How to Utilize Study Material Effectively

• Read standard books alongside Chandu Biology Classes notes.
• Highlight key points and make short notes.
• Solve practice questions after every topic.

Conclusion and Final Tips for Success

GATE Life Science is a highly competitive exam, but with dedication and the right guidance, success is achievable.

Key Takeaways

• Follow a structured study plan
• Regularly practice previous year question papers
• Take mock tests to boost confidence
• Revise consistently to avoid last-minute pressure

How Chandu Biology Classes Can Be the Game Changer

• Expert faculty and well-structured study material
• Regular mock tests and performance tracking
• High selection rate with proven success stories

If you’re serious about cracking GATE Life Science, Chandu Biology Classes is undoubtedly one of the best coaching options available.

GATE 2025 Exam Pattern – Marking Scheme

Check the table for the GATE total marks for Mechanical, Civil, Computer Science, Electrical, and other courses.

GATE 2025 XL-P Chemistry Syllabus (Compulsory)

Section 1: Atomic Structure and Periodicity

Planck’s quantum theory, wave particle duality, uncertainty principle, comparison between Bohr’s model and quantum mechanical model of hydrogen atom, electronic configuration of atoms and ions. Hund’s rule and Pauli’s exclusion principle.

Periodic table and periodic properties: ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity and atomic size.

Section 2: Structure and Bonding

Ionic and covalent bonding, MO and VB approaches for diatomic molecules, VSEPR theory and shape of molecules, hybridization, resonance, dipole moment, structure parameters such as bond length, bond angle and bond energy, hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. Ionic solids, ionic radii and lattice energy (Born‐Haber cycle). HSAB principle.

Section 3: s, p and d Block Elements

Oxides, halides and hydrides of alkali, alkaline earth metals, B, Al, Si, N, P, and S. General characteristics of 3d elements. Coordination complexes: valence bond and crystal field theory, color, geometry, magnetic properties and isomerism.

Section 4: Chemical Equilibria

Osmotic pressure, elevation of boiling point and depression of freezing point, ionic equilibria in solution, solubility product, common ion effect, hydrolysis of salts, pH, buffer and their applications. Equilibrium constants (Kc, Kp and Kx) for homogeneous reactions.

Section 5: Electrochemistry

Conductance, Kohlrausch law, cell potentials, EMF, Nernst equation, thermodynamic aspects and their applications.

Section 6: Reaction Kinetics

Rate constant, order of reaction, molecularity, activation energy, zero, first and second order kinetics, catalysis and elementary enzyme reactions. Reversible and irreversible inhibition of enzymes.

Section 7: Thermodynamics

Qualitative treatment of state and path functions, First law, reversible and irreversible processes, internal energy, enthalpy, Kirchoff equation, heat of reaction, Hess’s law, heat of formation. Second law, entropy and free energy. Gibbs‐Helmholtz equation, free energy change and spontaneity, Free energy changes from equilibrium constant.

Section 8: Structure-Reactivity Correlations and Organic Reaction Mechanisms

Acids and bases, electronic and steric effects, Stereochemistry, optical and geometrical isomerism, tautomerism, conformers and concept of aromaticity. Elementary treatment of SN1, SN2, E1, E2 and radical reactions, Hoffmann/Saytzeff rules, addition reactions, Markownikoff rule and Kharasch effect. Elementary hydroboration reactions. Grignard’s reagents and their uses. Aromatic electrophilic substitutions, orientation effect as exemplified by various functional groups. Identification of common functional groups by chemical tests.

Section 9: Chemistry of Biomolecules

Amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and nucleotides. Peptide sequencing by chemical and enzymatic proteolytic methods. DNA sequencing by chemical and enzymatic methods. Carbohydrates (upto hexoses only). Lipids (triglycerides only). Principles of biomolecule purification-Ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Identification of these biomolecules and Beer-Lambert’s law.

GATE 2025 XL-Q Biochemistry Syllabus

Section 1 – Organization of life; Importance of water; Structure and function of biomolecules: Amino acids, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic acids; Protein structure, folding and function: Myoglobin, Hemoglobin, Lysozyme, Ribonuclease A, Carboxypeptidase and Chymotrypsin.

Section 2 – Enzyme kinetics including its regulation and inhibition, Vitamins and Coenzymes; Metabolism and bioenergetics; Generation and utilization of ATP; Metabolic pathways and their regulation: glycolysis, TCA cycle, pentose phosphate pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, gluconeogenesis, glycogen and fatty acid metabolism; Metabolism of Nitrogen containing compounds: nitrogen fixation, amino acids and nucleotides. Photosynthesis: Calvin cycle.

Section 3 – Biochemical separation techniques: ion exchange, size exclusion and affinity chromatography, Characterization of biomolecules by electrophoresis, UV-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and Mass spectrometry.

Section 4 – Cell structure and organelles; Biological membranes; Action potential; Transport across membranes; Membrane assembly and Protein targeting; Signal transduction; Receptor-ligand interaction; Hormones and neurotransmitters.

Section 5 – DNA replication, transcription and translation; Biochemical regulation of gene expression; Recombinant DNA technology and applications: PCR, site directed mutagenesis and DNA-microarray, Next generation sequencing; Gene silencing and editing.

Section 6 – Immune system: Innate and adaptive; Cell of the immune system; Active and passive immunity; Complement system; Antibody structure, function and diversity; B cell and T Cell receptors; B cell and T cell activation; Major histocompatibilty complex; Immunological techniques: Immuno diffusion, immune-electrophoresis, RIA and ELISA, flow cytometry; monoclonal antibodies and their applications.

GATE 2025 XL-R Botany Syllabus

Section 1: Plant Systematics- Botanical nomenclature, history of plant taxonomy, diversity and classification of plants, APG system of plant classification; phylogenetics and cladistics, molecular taxonomy and DNA barcoding; Centers for plant taxonomy and herbaria in India.

Section 2: Plant Anatomy- Anatomy of root, stem and leaves, floral organs, embryo and young seedlings, Primary and secondary meristems, stellar organization, vascular system and their ontogeny, xylem and phloem structure, secondary growth in plants and wood anatomy, plant cell structure and differences from animal cells.

Section 3: Plant development; cell and tissue morphogenesis- Life cycle of an angiosperm, development of male and female gametophyte; cell fate determination and tissue patterning; spacing mechanisms in trichomes and stomata. Embryogenesis, organization and function of shoot and root apical meristems. Transition to flowering: photoperiodism and vernalization, ABC model of floral organ patterning, pollen germination, double fertilization, seed development; Xylem and phloem cell differentiation, photomorphogenesis; phytochrome, cryptochrome, phototropin. Role of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids on plant development.

Section 4: Plant physiology and biochemistry- Plant water relations, mechanisms of uptake and transport of water, ions, solutes from soil to plants, apoplastic and symplastic transport mechanisms. Mechanism of stomatal movements, nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis; C3, C4 and CAM cycles, photorespiration, respiration: glycolysis, TCA cycle and electron transport chain. Plant responses and mechanisms of abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, freezing and heat stress, metal toxicity; role of abscisic acid in abiotic stresses. Structure and function of biomolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid), enzyme. Structure and biosynthesis of major plant secondary metabolites (alkaloids, terpenes, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids). Biosynthesis, mechanism of action and physiological effects of auxin, cytokinin, gibberellic acids, brassinosteroid, ethylene, strigolactone, abscisic acid, salicylic and jasmonic acid. Senescence and programmed cell death.

Section 5: Genetics and Genomics – Cell cycle and cell division. Principles of Mendelian inheritance, linkage, recombination, genetic mapping; extra chromosomal inheritance; Introduction to epigenetics; gene silencing- transgene silencing, post transcriptional gene silencing, miRNA and siRNA; evolution and organization of eukaryotic genome structure, gene expression, gene mutation and repair, chromosomal aberrations (numerical: euploidy and aneuploidy and structural: deletion, duplication, inversion, translocation), transposons. Model organisms for functional genetics and genomics; Introduction to transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics.

Section 6: Plant Breeding, Genetic Modification, Genome Editing- Principles, methods – selection, hybridization, heterosis; male sterility, genetic maps and molecular markers, embryo rescue, haploid and doubled haploids, plant tissue culture: micropropagation, embryo culture and in vitro regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, artificial seed, cryopreservation, somaclonal variation, somatic cell hybridization, marker-assisted selection, gene transfer methods viz. direct and vector-mediated, generation of transgenic plants; Introduction to genome editing:
CRISPR/Cas9, Cre-Lox system to generate chimeras; plastid transformation; chemical mutagenesis.

Section 7: Economic and applied Botany- A general account of economically and medicinally important plants- cereals, pulses, plants yielding fibers, timber, sugar, beverages, oils, rubber, pigments, dyes, gums, drugs and narcotics. Economic importance of algae, fungi, lichen and bacteria. Major Indian cash crops. Effect of industrialization on agricultural botany such as plastic on fiber economy. Genetically modified crops and its regulation eg. Bt cotton, Bt brinjal golden rice etc.

Section 8: Plant Pathology – Nature and classification of plant diseases, diseases of important crops caused by fungi, bacteria, nematodes and viruses, and their control measures (chemical and biological) mechanism(s) of pathogenesis, resistance: basal, systemic, induced systemic resistance, gene for gene concept. Molecular detection of pathogens; plant-microbe interactions: symbionts and mycorrhiza, pathogens and pests. Signaling pathways in plant defence response; salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in plant-pathogen and plant-herbivore interaction, necrosis; host-parasitic plant interaction (such as Cuscuta).

Section 9: Ecology and Environment- Ecosystems – types, dynamics, degradation, biogeochemical cycles, ecological succession; food webs and energy flow through ecosystem; vegetation types of the world, Indian vegetation types and biogeographical zones, climate and flora endemism; pollution and global climate change, speciation and extinction, biodiversity and conservation strategies, ecological hotspots, afforestation, habitat restoration; plant interactions with other organisms; epiphytes, parasites and endophytes.

GATE 2025 XL-S Microbiology Syllabus

Section 1: Historical Perspective – Discovery of microbial world; Landmark discoveries relevant to the field of microbiology; Controversy over spontaneous generation; Role of microorganisms in transformation of organic matter and in the causation of diseases.

Section 2: Methods in Microbiology- Pure culture techniques; Principles of microbial nutrition; Enrichment culture techniques for isolation of microorganisms; antigen and antibody detection methods for microbial diagnosis; Light-, phase contrast-, fluorescence- and electron-microscopy; PCR, real-time PCR for quantitation of microbes; Next generation sequencing technologies in microbiology.

Section 3: Microbial Taxonomy and Diversity – Bacteria, Archea and their broad classification; Eukaryotic microbes: Yeasts, molds and protozoa; Viruses and their classification; Molecular approaches to microbial taxonomy and phylogeny.

Section 4: Prokaryotic Cells: Structure and Function – Prokaryotic Cells: cell walls, cell membranes and their biosynthesis, mechanisms of solute transport across membranes, Flagella and Pili, Capsules, Cell inclusions like endospores and gas vesicles; Bacterial locomotion, including positive and negative chemotaxis.

Section 5: Microbial Growth – Definition of growth; Growth curve; Mathematical expression of exponential growth phase; Measurement of growth and growth yields; Synchronous growth; Continuous culture; Effect of environmental factors on growth; Bacterial biofilm and biofouling.

Section 6: Control of Micro-organisms – Disinfection and sterilization: principles, methods and assessment of efficacy.

Section 7: Microbial Metabolism – Energetics: redox reactions and electron carriers; Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation; An overview of metabolism; Glycolysis; Pentose-phosphate pathway; Entner-Doudoroff pathway; Glyoxalate pathway; The citric acid cycle; Fermentation; Aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Chemolithotrophy; Photosynthesis; Calvin cycle; Biosynthetic pathway for fatty acids synthesis; Common regulatory mechanisms in synthesis of amino acids; Regulation of major metabolic pathways.

Section 8: Microbial Diseases and Host Pathogen Interaction – Normal microbiota; Classification of infectious diseases; Reservoirs of infection; Nosocomial infection; Opportunistic infections; Emerging infectious diseases; Mechanism of microbial pathogenicity; Nonspecific defense of host; Antigens and antibodies; Humoral and cell mediated immunity; Vaccines; passive immunization; Immune deficiency; Human diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and pathogenic fungi.

Section 9: Chemotherapy/Antibiotics – General characteristics of antimicrobial drugs; Antibiotics: Classification molecular mechanism of mode of action and resistance; Antifungal and antiviral drugs.

Section 10: Microbial Genetics – Types of mutation; UV and chemical mutagens; Selection of mutants; Ames test for mutagenesis; Bacterial genetic system: transformation, conjugation, transduction, recombination, plasmids,
transposons; DNA repair; Regulation of gene expression: repression and induction; Operon model; Bacterial genome with special reference to E.coli; Phage λ and its life cycle; RNA ; mutation in virus genomes, virus recombination and reassortment; Basic concept of microbial genomics.

Section 11: Microbial Ecology – Microbial interactions; Carbon, Sulphur and nitrogen cycles; Soil microorganisms associated with vascular plants; Bioremediation; Uncultivable microorganisms; basic concept of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics.

GATE 2025 XL-T Zoology Syllabus

Section 1: Animal Diversity – Distribution, systematics and classification of animals, phylogenetic relationships (based on classical and molecular phylogenetic tools).

Section 2: Evolution – Origin and history of life on earth, theories of evolution, natural selection, adaptation, speciation.

Section 3: Genetics – Basic Principles of inheritance, molecular basis of heredity, sex determination and sex-linked characteristics, cytoplasmic inheritance, linkage, recombination and mapping of genes in eukaryotes, population genetics, genetic disorders, roles of model organisms in understanding genetic principles.

Section 4: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology –Nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates; replication, transcription and translation, Krebs cycle, glycolysis, enzyme catalysis, hormones and their actions, roles of vitamins and minerals.

Section 5: Cell Biology – Basic principles of cellular microscopy, structure of cell, cytoskeletal organization, cellular organelles and their structure and function, cell cycle, cell division, chromosomes and chromatin structure.

Section 6: Gene expression in Eukaryotes – Eukaryotic genome organization and regulation of gene expression, transposable elements.

Section 7: Animal Anatomy and Physiology –Comparative physiology, the respiratory system, Muscular system, circulatory system, digestive system, the nervous system, the excretory system, the endocrine system, the reproductive system, the skeletal system.

Section 8: Parasitology and Immunology- Nature of parasite, host-parasite relation, protozoan and helminthic parasites, the immune response, cellular and humoral immune response.

Section 9: Development Biology – Gametogenesis, Embryonic development, cellular differentiation, organogenesis, metamorphosis, Model organisms used in developmental biology, genetic and molecular basis of development, stem cells.

Section 10: Ecology – The ecosystem, Animal distribution, ecological niche and its contribution to ecological diversity, the food chain, population dynamics, species diversity, zoogeography, biogeochemical cycles, conservation biology, ecotoxicology.

Section 11: Animal Behaviour – Type of behaviours, courtship, mating and territoriality, instinct, learning and memory, social behaviour across the animal taxa, communication, pheromones, evolution of behavior in animals.

GATE 2025 XL-U Food Technology Syllabus

Section 1: Food Chemistry and Nutrition – Carbohydrates: structure and functional properties of mono-, oligo-, & poly- saccharides including starch, cellulose, pectic substances and dietary fiber, gelatinization and retrogradation of starch. Proteins: classification and structure of proteins in food, biochemical changes in post mortem and tenderization of muscles. Lipids: classification and structure of lipids, rancidity, polymerization and polymorphism. Pigments: carotenoids, chlorophylls, anthocyanins, tannins and myoglobin. Food flavours: terpenes, esters, aldehydes, ketones and quinines. Enzymes: specificity, simple and inhibition kinetics, coenzymes, enzymatic and non- enzymatic browning. Nutrition: balanced diet, essential amino acids and essential fatty acids, protein efficiency ratio, water soluble and fat soluble vitamins, role of minerals in nutrition, co-factors, anti-nutrients, nutraceuticals, nutrient deficiency diseases. Chemical and biochemical changes: changes occur in foods during different processing.

Section 2: Food Microbiology – Characteristics of microorganisms: morphology of bacteria, yeast, mold and actinomycetes, spores and vegetative cells, gram-staining. Microbial growth: growth and death kinetics, serial dilution technique. Food spoilage: spoilage microorganisms in different food products including milk, fish, meat, egg, cereals and their products. Toxins from microbes: pathogens and non-pathogens including Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Shebelle, Escherichia, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Aspergillums genera. Fermented foods and beverages: curd, yoghurt, cheese, pickles, soya-sauce, sauerkraut, idly, dose, vinegar, alcoholic beverages and sausage.

Section 3: Food Products Technology – Processing principles: thermal processing, chilling, freezing, dehydration, addition of preservatives and food additives, irradiation, fermentation, hurdle technology, intermediate moisture foods. Food pack aging and storage: packaging materials, aseptic packaging, controlled and modified atmosphere storage. Cereal processing and products: milling of rice, wheat, and maize, parboiling of paddy, bread, biscuits, extruded products and ready to eat breakfast cereals. Oil processing: expelling, solvent extraction, refining and hydrogenation. Fruits and vegetables processing: extraction, clarification, concentration and packaging of fruit juice, jam, jelly, marmalade, squash, candies, tomato sauce, ketchup, and puree, potato chips, pickles. Plantation crops processing and products: tea, coffee, cocoa, spice, extraction of essential oils and oleoresins from spices. Milk and milk products processing: pasteurization and sterilization, cream, butter, ghee, ice- cream, cheese and milk powder. Processing of animal products: drying, canning, and freezing of fish and meat; production of egg powder. Waste utilization: pectin from fruit astes, uses of by-products from rice milling. Food standards and quality maintenance: FPO, PFA, A-Mark, ISI, HACCP, food plant sanitation and cleaning in place (CIP).

Section 4: Food Engineering – Mass and energy balance: Momentum transfer: Flow rate and pressure drop relationships for Newtonian fluids flowing through pipe, Reynolds number. Heat transfer: heat transfer by conduction, convection, radiation, heat exchangers. Mass transfer: molecular diffusion and Flick’s law, conduction and convective mass transfer, permeability through single and multilayer films. Mechanical operations: size reduction of solids, high pressure homogenization, filtration, centrifugation, settling, sieving, mixing & agitation of liquid. Thermal operations: thermal sterilization, evaporation of liquid foods, hot air drying of solids, spray and freeze-drying, freezing and crystallization. Mass transfer operations: psychometric, humidification and dehumidification operations.
Candidates who endeavor to pursue the exam 2023 are advised to follow the GATE Life Sciences Syllabus 2023 pdf. You can download the pdf from the above links for the individual subject and prepare the best for your examination.

FAQs

Set small goals, stay consistent, and follow a structured study plan.

How can I enroll in Chandu Biology Classes for GATE Life Science?

You can visit their official website or contact them for enrollment details.

Is coaching necessary for GATE Life Science?

While self-study is important, coaching can provide expert guidance and structured learning.

How many hours should I study daily for GATE Life Science?

Ideally, 5-6 hours daily with consistent revision is recommended.

Does Chandu Biology Classes offer online coaching?

Yes, they offer both online and offline coaching.

How to stay motivated during GATE preparation?